Bibliography
- 12789717 {12789717:3MHUS3GD} 1 apa 50 default 987507617 https://negmawonpodcast.com/wp-content/plugins/zotpress/%7B%22status%22%3A%22success%22%2C%22updateneeded%22%3Afalse%2C%22instance%22%3Afalse%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22request_last%22%3A0%2C%22request_next%22%3A0%2C%22used_cache%22%3Atrue%7D%2C%22data%22%3A%5B%7B%22key%22%3A%223MHUS3GD%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A12789717%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Trouillot%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221990%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ETrouillot%2C%20M.-R.%20%281990%29.%20%3Ci%3EHaiti%2C%20state%20against%20nation%3A%20the%20origins%20and%20legacy%20of%20Duvalierism%3C%5C%2Fi%3E.%20Monthly%20Review%20Press.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22book%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Haiti%2C%20state%20against%20nation%3A%20the%20origins%20and%20legacy%20of%20Duvalierism%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Michel-Rolph%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Trouillot%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%221990%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISBN%22%3A%22978-0-85345-755-8%20978-0-85345-756-5%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-05-06T20%3A01%3A47Z%22%7D%7D%5D%7DTrouillot, M.-R. (1990). Haiti, state against nation: the origins and legacy of Duvalierism. Monthly Review Press.
Haitian Chiefs of State (Tenure)
| Name | Tenure | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| DESSALINES, Jean-Jacques | Jan. 1804 - Oct. 1806 --> | Became Emperor Jacques I: Sept. 1804 - Oct. 1806 |
| CHRISTOPHE, Henry | Jan. 1807 - Oct. 1820 --> | Became King Henry I: Mar. 1811 - Oct. 1820 |
| PÉTION, Alexandre | March 1807 - March 1818 | |
| BOYER, Jean-Pierre | March 1818 - February 1843 | |
| HERARD, Charles Rivière | December 1843 -May 1844 | |
| GUERRIER, Philippe | May 1844 -April 1845 | |
| PIERROT, Jean-Louis | April 1845 -March 1846 | |
| RICHE, Jean-Baptiste | March 1846 - February 1847 | |
| SOULOUQUE, Faustin | Mar. 1847 - Jan. 1859 --> | Became Emperor Faustin I: August 1849 - January 1859 |
| GEFFRARD, Fabre Nicolas | Jan. 1859 - Mar. 1867 | |
| SALNAVE, Sylvain | Jun. 1867 - Dec. 1869 | |
| SAGET, Nissage | Mar. 1870 - May 1874 | |
| DOMINGUE, Michel | June 18, 1874 - Apr. 1876 | |
| CANAL, Boisrond | July 1876 - July 1879 | |
| SALOMON, Lysius Félicité | Oct. 1879 - Aug. 1888 | |
| LEGITIME, François-Denis | Dec. 1888 - Aug. 1889 | |
| HYPPOLITE, Florville | Oct. 1889 - Mar. 1896 | |
| SIMON SAM, T. Augustin | Mar. 1896 - May 1902 | |
| ALEXIS, Nord | Dec. 1902 - Dec. 1908 | |
| SIMON, Antoine | Dec. 1908 - Aug. 1911 | |
| LECONTE, Cincinnatus | Aug. 1911 - Aug. 1912 | |
| AUGUSTE, Tancrède | Aug. 1912 - May 1913 | |
| ORESTE, Michel | May 1913 - Jan. 1914 | |
| ZAMOR, Charles Oreste | Feb. 1914 -Oct. 1914 | |
| THEODORE, Davilmar | Nov. 1914 -Feb. 1915 | |
| SAM, Vilbrun Guillaume | Mar. 1915 - Jul. 1915 | |
| DARTIGUENAVE, Philippe-Sudre | Aug. 1915 - May 1922 | |
| BORNO, Louis | May 1922 - May 1930 | |
| VINCENT, Sténio | Nov. 1930 - May 1941 | |
| LESCOT, Elie | May 1941 - Jan. 1946 | |
| ESTIME, Dumarsais | Aug. 1946 - May 1950 | |
| MAGLOIRE, Paul Eugène | Dec. 1950 - Dec. 1956 | |
| DUVALIER, François | Oct. 1957 - Apr 1971 | |
| DUVALIER, Jean-Claude | Apr. 1971 - Jan. 1986 | |
| MANIGAT, François Leslie | Jan. 1988 - June 1988 |
Population Migration: Urban vs Rural (% of total population)
| Indicator | 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 | 2015 | 2020 | 2025 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Urban pop., in '000 | 1,974.4 | 2,976.2 | 3,885.1 | 4,676.3 | 5,538.3 | 6,454.8 | 7,357.7 |
| Urban pop., % of total | 28.5 | 35.6 | 42.6 | 47.5 | 52.4 | 57.1 | 61.3 |
| Rural population, '000 | 4,950.9 | 5,384.0 | 5,226.8 | 5,166.6 | 5,025.5 | 4,852.0 | 4,651.8 |
| Rural population, % of total | 71.5 | 64.4 | 57.4 | 52.5 | 47.6 | 42.9 | 38.7 |
| Life expectancy at birth, male, yrs | 51.8 | 56.6 | 58.3 | 45.8 | 60.6 | 61.1 | 62.6 |
| Life expectancy @ birth, female, yrs | 54.1 | 46.3 | 62.6 | 46.3 | 66.0 | 67.1 | 68.7 |
| Life expectancy at birth, avg, years | 53.0 | 58.4 | 60.4 | 46.0 | 63.2 | 64.1 | 65.6 |
Louverture, Toussaint (Military Force Structure)
| Unit | Location | Size |
|---|---|---|
| Division of the North (Henri Christophe) | ||
| 2nd colonial demi-brigade | Cap & Limbé | 1200 |
| 5th colonial demi-brigade | Fort Liberté | 1200 |
| 9th colonial demi-brigade | Port-dePaix | 1200 |
| Guides | 300 | |
| Artillery & Gendarmerie | 900 | |
| Division of the South & West (Jean-Jacques Dessalines) | ||
| 3rd colonial demi-brigade | Port Républicain | 1200 |
| 4th colonial demi-brigade | Saint-Marc, Jérémie | 1200 |
| 7th colonial demi-brigade | Arcahaye | 1200 |
| 8th colonial demi-brigade | Cayes | 1200 |
| 11th colonial demi-brigade | Cayes | 1200 |
| 12th colonial demi-brigade | Cayes | 1200 |
| 13th colonial demi-brigade | Port Républicain | 1200 |
| European battalion | Cayes | 250 |
| Guides | 300 | |
| Artillery & Gendarmerie | 900 | |
| Honor Guard | Port Républicain | 1800 |
| Division of the East (Augustin Clerveaux | ||
| 1st colonial demi-brigade | Samana | 1200 |
| 2nd colonial demi-brigade | Santiago | 1200 |
| 10th colonial demi-brigade | Santo Domingo | 1200 |
| Guides | 200 | |
| Artillery & Gendarmerie | 400 | |
| Recap | ||
| North | 4,800 | |
| Division of the South & West | 11,650 | |
| Division of the East | 4,200 | |
| Total | 20,650 |
